Understanding Cancer with Chula Pharmacists: Recognizing Cancer Warning Signs

    Cancer remains a significant public health concern worldwide, and in Thailand, it has become a major national health challenge. Data from the National Cancer Institute shows that each year, Thailand sees 139,206 new cases, and 84,073 cancer-related deaths. The five most common cancers are liver and bile duct cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and cervical cancer.

    For many, cancer is a frightening word, raising fears about one’s own health risks. This week, let’s explore key risk factors and warning signs of cancer. Cancer risks are divided into two main categories: non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors.

    These are factors we cannot change, such as increasing age, a family history of cancer in close relatives, and certain ethnic backgrounds that predispose individuals to specific types of cancer. Additionally, a history of previous cancer increases risk. While these factors are beyond our control, it's important not to worry too much—many lifestyle adjustments can help lower cancer risk.

    Certain lifestyle changes can significantly reduce cancer risk. Avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, eating fiber-rich fruits and vegetables, and minimizing high-fat or processed foods can all help. In Thailand, it's also wise to avoid undercooked freshwater fish, like partially cooked, fermented, or pickled fish, as they carry increased risk. If consuming these types, always ensure they are thoroughly cooked.

    In addition, limit exposure to harmful chemicals and pollution as much as possible. Live cautiously but not fearfully—these habits can greatly reduce your cancer risk, and even making a few changes is better than none at all.

    Detecting cancer early improves treatment outcomes. Cancers generally progress through four stages:

    Stages 1-2: Early stages, with localized disease.

    Stage 3: Spread to lymph nodes far from the original site.

    Stage 4: Cancer has metastasized to other organs.

    Catching cancer in the early stages leads to better outcomes, as seen with cancers like breast and colorectal cancer, where many patients recover when treated early.

    Being aware of these signs in yourself and family can lead to timely doctor visits and early treatment:

    These symptoms are often non-specific, like indigestion or a persistent cough, leading some to ignore them or self-medicate. When these symptoms persist for more than 1-2 months without improvement, and especially if you are at high risk (advanced age, family history of cancer), it’s crucial to consult a doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent cancer from progressing and improve outcomes.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nattada Areepiam and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bodin Tiwasuwan

Faculty of Pharmacy Chulalongkorn University