Kidney stones are solid masses that form in the kidneys or urinary tract due to the accumulation of certain substances. These stones can be found in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder and are caused when compounds in urine become concentrated, crystallizing into stones. The movement or blockage of these stones can lead to intense pain.

Risk Factors for Kidney Stones

    1. Inadequate Hydration: Not drinking enough water can result in concentrated urine, increasing the likelihood of substances like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid crystallizing into stones.

    2. Diet: Consuming excessive amounts of certain nutrients, such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid, can heighten the risk of kidney stones. Diets rich in animal proteins, salty foods, and oxalate-heavy foods (such as chocolate and spinach) are common culprits.

    3. Medical Conditions: Certain conditions can influence how the body processes and eliminates substances. For example, high cholesterol, elevated uric acid levels, and genetics play a role. A family history of kidney stones also increases the risk.

    4. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)**: Some bacterial infections in the urinary tract can lead to the formation of stones.

    5. Urinary Tract Abnormalities**: Issues like urinary tract obstructions or abnormal kidney function can also contribute.

    6. Medications: Certain drugs, such as diuretics, can increase the risk of stone formation.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones:

     Severe pain in the back or waist, which may radiate to the groin or lower abdomen.

     Intermittent, sharp pain that can extend to the genitals or thighs.

     Blood in the urine, causing it to appear pink or red.

     Frequent or painful urination.

     Cloudy or foul-smelling urine, especially if an infection is present.

     In more severe cases, fever, chills, and a decreased ability to urinate signal the need for immediate medical attention.

Medications and Kidney Stones:

    Diuretics: These medications reduce water in the body, concentrating the urine and raising the likelihood of calcium precipitation.

    Calcium Supplements: Excessive calcium intake, through pills or supplements, can lead to an overabundance of calcium in the body, causing it to crystallize and form stones.

    Vitamin D Supplements: High doses of vitamin D can increase calcium absorption, leading to kidney deposits and stone formation.

    Calcium-Containing Antacids: Used for acid reflux, these antacids can elevate calcium levels in the urine, contributing to stone formation.

    Allopurinol: Used to treat gout by lowering blood uric acid levels, this drug can sometimes lead to the formation of uric acid stones in susceptible patients.

Prevention:

    To prevent kidney stones, it is essential to stay well-hydrated by drinking at least two liters of water daily, especially when medications require increased water intake. Before taking supplements or vitamins, consult with a doctor or pharmacist. Be mindful of any unusual symptoms, and always inform healthcare providers about any side effects when receiving medications to assess whether these could be linked to kidney stone formation.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nattada Areepiam and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bodin Tiwasuwan

Faculty of Pharmacy Chulalongkorn University